How to use Windows Update Properly

How to use Windows Update Properly

If you want to save your files to your hard drive, so after a format you dont have to download them all again, here's How: 

- Logon to Windows Update 

- Choose Windows Update Catalogue (left hand pane) 

- Choose Find updates for Microsoft Windows operating systems (right hand pane) 

- Choose your version and language then Search 

- Choose one the following: 

- Critical Updates and Service Packs 

- Service Packs and Recommended Downloads 

- Multi-Language Features (0) 

- Once chosen simply click on what you want to download and then back at the top click Review Download Basket 

- You are taken to the next page where at the top you can specify where the downloads are to be saved. 

- Click Download now. Each patch will make a directory under the root of the folder you saved them to. 

Once finished you need to go to where you saved the file (s) to and then simply install all your patches.

Protect your Identity or information

Protect your Identity or information 

Like many other audio players, Windows Media Player rushes out to the Internet to find information for you when you play a CD. Some of this information, such as song titles and album art, is useful, but Media Player also identifies your copy of Media Player to the site where it's getting data. Why? According to the help file, "The server uses this unique identifier to monitor your connection. By monitoring your connection, the server can make adjustments to increase the playback quality and to alert you about events that occur when receiving streams over the Internet." 

If you're disturbed by this exchange of information, here's how to stop it. In Windows Media Player, click Tools > Options and go to the Player tab. Notice the option that says "Allow Internet sites to uniquely identify your player?" Turn it off. 

HOW TO SPEED UP MY SYSTEM PC Windows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8,

HOW TO SPEED UP MY SYSTEM PC Windows 2000, Windows 7, Windows 8,

1.Let your PC boot up completely before opening any applications.

2.Refresh the desktop after closing any application. This will remove any unused files from the RAM. 

3.Do not set very large file size images as your wallpaper. Do not keep a wallpaper at all if your PC is low on RAM (less than 64 MB).

4.Do not clutter your Desktop with a lot of shortcuts. Each shortcut on the desktop uses up to 500 bytes of RAM

5.Empty the recycle bin regularly. The files are not really deleted from your hard drive until you empty the recycle bin.

6.Delete the temporary internet files regularly.

7.Defragment your hard drive once every two months. This will free up a lot of space on your hard drive and rearrange the files so that your applications run faster.

8.Always make two partitions in your hard drive. Install all large Softwares (like PSP, Photoshop, 3DS Max etc) in the second partition. Windows uses all the available empty space in C drive as virtual memory when your Computer RAM is full. Keep the C Drive as empty as possible.

9.When installing new Softwares disable the option of having a tray icon. The tray icons use up available RAM, and also slow down the booting of your PC. Also disable the option of starting the application automatically when the PC boots. You can disable these options later on also from the Tools or preferences menu in your application.

10. Protect your PC from dust. Dust causes the CPU cooling fan to jam and slow down thereby gradually heating your CPU and affecting the processing speed. Use compressed air to blow out any dust from the CPU. Never use vacuum. RAM IS THE WORKING AREA (DESKTOP) OF THE CPU, KEEP IT AS EMPTY AND UNCLUTTERED AS POSSIBLE!

How to speed up Pc

how to speed up Pc

Having an old PC at times can be very tiring as it slows down considerably over a period of time and feels no more than a paper weight at times.  How much do you feel it would cost you to get your PC up to speed with the latest version?  What if I tell you not even a hundred dollars!
The best part is that, it’s so simple that anybody can do it.
There are certain factors that are mainly responsible for affecting the speed of a PC, namely:

1. Speed of the processor (this one’s a bit on the expensive side, beginners can avoid)
2. RAM or Random Access Memory (this one’s light on the pocket and easy to install as well)
3. Speed of the Hard Drive (again very easy to install and light on the pocket as well)
4. Software issues (these are again quite easy to fix and cost almost nothing)

Processor speed

Speed of the processor is defined by the CPU. A CPU is a small square chip inserted in the mother board; this cannot be seen by just opening the PC cabinet as there’s a fan and heat sink on top of it.
Although, I’s not a very difficult thing to replace a CPU, this doesn’t mean that you can just go ahead buy and replace the existing CPU chip.  You need to make sure that it’s supported by your mother board.
In case you already hold the best one that your mother board can support then you have no other option but to go ahead and buy a new mother board which would support more advanced processors.  However, this is more difficult to do and it’s also as good as buying a new computer.
But don’t be disheartened, there’s a brighter side as well.  If you are not wary of shopping online then you can get great deals on motherboards and CPU’s online, in fact even better than what your local store might offer.

RAM – Random Access Memory

RAM is what majorly affects the overall performance of your PC.  But surprisingly is also the cheapest part to buy.  For an average user doing nothing more than working on documents a 4 GB RAM is good enough, however, if you are a one of the more advanced users who’s into gaming and working on applications then I would suggest nothing less than an 8GB RAM.
Replacing a RAM is child’s play; once you’ve opened the cabinet you would be able to see a chip, long & rectangular in shape, inserted in a plastic slot.  There are two of these slots on the motherboard with a clip on either side.  All you need to do while removing the existing chip is just to release these clips, the RAM will automatically pop out of the slot, once done just insert the new RAM in its place and you are sorted!

Speed of the Hard Drive

Speed of your hard drive also plays a major role in the performance of your PC.  A hard drive does all the back-end work of your computer, for e.g. for a file to be opened it needs to be located first.  This work is done by the hard drive.  The faster the hard drive does its work the faster you are able to open your files.
The latest hard drives in the market are the Solid State hard-drives, although like everything else they will be further programmed to run even better and faster.  These hard drives can boot a PC within 15 seconds without the head ache of crashing or freezing as often as the spinning ones.
Currently hard drives are not very expensive to buy and buy these at a rate of .25 cents a GB.  However, this would again depend on where you are located and the kind of deals you get.
Installing a hard drive is again not an issue, all you need to do is insert two cables in the slots provided at the back of your hard drive and you’re done.

Software issues

This is one problem which is the easiest to fix but at the same time is the cause of the most amount of frustration.
Just like any other piece of machinery a computer also needs to be maintained if you want it to provide you with its peak performance.  If you don’t use it often or don’t maintain it regularly then over a period of time it would not perform its best.
What this means for you is that you need to keep maintaining you PC by doing these tasks regularly:

• Defragmenting of the Hard Drive

• Running an anti-virus scan (try AVG it’s a free antivirus program)

• Clearing any junk regularly such as the cache files, temp files or anything else

• Regular check up on the start-up program’s list and disable the ones not in use

• Scanning and fixing any registry errors immediately

Just follow these simple steps and you can make your PC perform as good as new for a good amount of time and also get rid of the worry of buying a new PC every 5-6 years. All it takes is a simple and regular maintenance.

Easiest Way To Download Motherboard Drivers

Easiest Way To Download Motherboard Drivers

Most of the people don't have Motherboard Utility Drivers. A Motherboard includes some parts like Video card driver, Audio card , Ethernet Card and other elements that you're installed in your system Hardware. Here is simple trick to find motherboard utility drivers without knowing your motherboard model.

There are a lot programs are there to find mother drivers but 3dPcChip is the best program to download motherboard utilities.

• 3dPcChip is amazing software to download motherboard drivers utilities. 
• Install 3dPcChip and It will allow to show your PC information on your Desktop. [See the Below Picture]

• Click on the Driver which you wanted to download.

Speed Up Games On Windows Operating System

Speed Up Games On Windows Operating System


Now you can speed up your gaming performance through a software called Game booster. While launching a game it will temporarily turn off un-wanted programs, due to this it will automatically increase your PC gaming performance after closing a game it will restore all programs.

Features of Game Booster

• Increase your gaming performance upto 40% without installing any hardware device.
• 1 Click boosting game performance
• Gaming performance will be better than before.

Download Game Booster

opreating system lists

Opreating System Lists
Acorn Computers

ARX
Arthur
RISC OS
MOS
Panos
RISC iX

Amiga Inc.

AmigaOS
AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (Motorola 68000)
AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)
Amiga Unix (aka Amix)

Apollo Computer

Domain/OS : One of the first network-based systems. Run on Apollo/Domain hardware. Later bought by Hewlett-Packard.

Apple Inc.

For Apple II

Apple DOS
UCSD Pascal
ProDOS
GS/OS

For Apple III

SOS (Sophisticated Operating System)

For Apple Lisa

Lisa OS

For Apple Newton

Newton OS

Classic Mac OS

System Software 1
System Software 2
System Software 3
System Software 4
System Software 5
System 6
System 7
For 68k CPUs
System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang")
For Intel 386 CPUs
"Star Trek" (System 7.1 running on DR DOS "StarTrek", a Novell DOS 7 precursor)
Mac OS 8
Mac OS 9

Unix-like operating systems

For Macintosh Computers
For 68k CPUs
A/UX
For PowerPC CPUs
MkLinux
Mac OS X v10.0 (aka "Cheetah")
Mac OS X v10.1 (aka "Puma")
Mac OS X v10.2 (aka "Jaguar")
Mac OS X v10.3 (aka "Panther")
For PowerPC and Intel CPUs
Mac OS X
Mac OS X v10.4 (aka "Tiger")
Mac OS X v10.5 (aka "Leopard")
For Intel CPUs
Mac OS X
Mac OS X v10.6 (aka "Snow Leopard")
Mac OS X v10.7 (aka "Lion")
Mac OS X v10.8 (aka "Mountain Lion") (From this point on it will no long be called "Mac OS X" it will be called "OS X")
Mac OS X Server
For iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad/Apple TV
iOS

Atari

Atari DOS (for 8-bit computers)
Atari TOS
Atari MultiTOS
Template:Min ti

BAE Systems

XTS-400

Be Inc.

BeOS
BeIA
BeOS r5.1d0
magnussoft ZETA (based on BeOS r5.1d0 source code, developed by yellowTAB)

Bell Labs

Unics ("Ken's new system," for its creator (Ken Thompson), officially Unics and then Unix, the prototypic operating system created in Bell Labs in 1969 that formed the basis for the Unix family of operating systems)
UNIX Time-Sharing System v1
UNIX Time-Sharing System v2
UNIX Time-Sharing System v3
UNIX Time-Sharing System v4
UNIX Time-Sharing System v5
UNIX Time-Sharing System v6
MINI-UNIX
PWB/UNIX
USG
CB Unix
UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 (It is from Version 7 Unix (and, to an extent, its descendants listed below) that almost all Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems descend.)
Unix System III
Unix System IV
Unix System V
Unix System V Releases 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, and 4.2
UNIX Time-Sharing System v8
UNIX TIme-Sharing System v9
UNIX Time-Sharing System v10

Non-Unix Operating Systems:

BESYS
Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Bull SAS

GCOS

Burroughs Corporation

Burroughs MCP

Control Data Corporation

Chippewa Operating System (COS)
SIPROS (for Simultaneous Processing Operating System)
SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)
MACE (Mansfield and Cahlander Executive)
Kronos (Kronographic OS)
NOS (Network Operating System)
NOS/BE NOS Batch Environment
EP/IX (Enhanced Performance Unix)

Convergent Technologies

Convergent Technologies Operating System (later acquired by Unisys)

Data General

RDOS Real-time Disk Operating System, with variants: RTOS and DOS (not related to IBM PC DOS).
AOS for 16-bit Data General Eclipse computers and AOS/VS for 32-bit (MV series) Eclipses, MP/AOS for microNOVA-based computers
DG/UX

DataPoint

CTOS Z-80 based, Cassette Tape Operating System for early desktop systems. Capable of up to 8 simultaneous users. Replaced by DataPoint DOS.
DOS Intel 808x/80x86-based, Disk Operating Systems for desktop systems. Capable of up to 32 users per node. Supported a sophisticated network of nodes that were often purpose-built. The name DOS was used in these products login screens before it was popularized by IBM, Microsoft and others.

DDC-I, Inc.

Deos Time & Space Partitioned RTOS, Certified to DO-178B, Level A since 1998
HeartOS Posix-based Hard Real-Time Operating System

Digital Research, Inc.

CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80
Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M 2.2 with BDOS 2.8
CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0
CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000
CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000
CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086
CP/M-86 Plus
Personal CP/M-86

MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80
MP/M II
MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86
MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.

Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80
Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86
Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000

Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE
Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs
Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
Concurrent DOS 286
Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support
Concurrent DOS 386
Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities
Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities

FlexOS 1.0 - 2.34, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286
FlexOS 186, a variant of FlexOS for terminals
FlexOS 286, a variant of FlexOS for hosts
Siemens S5-DOS/MT, an industrial control system based on FlexOS
IBM 4680 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
FlexOS 386, a later variant of FlexOS for hosts
IBM 4690 OS, a POS operating system based on FlexOS
FlexOS 68K, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 68K

Multiuser DOS, the successor of Concurrent DOS 386
CCI Multiuser DOS
Datapac Multiuser DOS
Datapac System Manager, a derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS
IMS Multiuser DOS
IMS REAL/32, a derivative of Multiuser DOS
IMS REAL/NG, the successor of REAL/32

DOS Plus 1.2 - 2.1, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1 - 5.0

DR DOS 3.31 - 6.0, a single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0
Novell PalmDOS 1.0
Novell "Star Trek"
Novell DOS 7, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS
Caldera OpenDOS 7.01
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 and higher

Digital/Tandem Computers/Compaq/HP

OS/8
ITS (for the PDP-6 and PDP-10)
Multi-Programming Executive (from HP)
TOPS-10 (for the PDP-10)
WAITS (for the PDP-6 and PDP-10)
TENEX (from BBN, for the PDP-10)
TOPS-20 (for the PDP-10)
RSTS/E (multi-user time-sharing OS for PDP-11s)
RSX-11 (multiuser, multitasking OS for PDP-11s)
RT-11 (single user OS for PDP-11)
VMS (originally by DEC, now by HP) for the VAX mini-computer range, Alpha and Intel Itanium 2; later renamed OpenVMS)
Domain/OS (originally Aegis, from Apollo Computer who were bought by HP)
Digital UNIX (derived from OSF/1, became HP's Tru64 UNIX)
HP-UX
Ultrix

ENEA AB

OSE Flexible, small footprint, high-performance RTOS for control processors

Fujitsu

Towns OS

Google
Android 4.0.1 on the Galaxy Nexus

Google Chrome OS is designed to work exclusively with web applications. Announced on July 7, 2009, Chrome OS is currently publicly available and was released summer 2011. The Chrome OS source code was released on November 19, 2009 under the BSD license as Chromium OS.

Chromium OS is an open source operating system development version of Google Chrome OS. Both operating systems are based on the Ubuntu kernel.

Android is an operating system for mobile devices. Android is based on Linux core.

Green Hills Software

INTEGRITY Reliable Operating system
INTEGRITY-178B A DO-178B certified version of INTEGRITY.
µ-velOSity A lightweight microkernel.

Heathkit/Zenith Data Systems

HDOS; ran on the H8 and Heath/Zenith Z-89 series
HT-11 (a modified version of RT-11) ran on the Heathkit H11

Hewlett-Packard

HP Multi-Programming Executive; (MPE, MPE/XL, and MPE/iX) runs on HP 3000 and HP e3000 mini-computers.
HP-UX; runs on HP9000 and Itanium servers - from small to mainframe-class computers.

Honeywell

Multics
GCOS
HeartOS

Intel Corporation

iRMX; real-time operating system originally created to support the Intel 8080 and 8086 processor families in embedded applications.
ISIS-II; "Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor" was THE environment for development of software within the Intel microprocessor family in the early 1980s on their Intellec Microcomputer Development System and clones. ISIS-II worked with 8 inch floppy disks and had an editor, cross-assemblers, a linker, an object locator, debugger, compilers for PLM (PL/I for microprocessors of the 8080/86 family), a BASIC interpreter, etc. and allowed file management through a console.

IBM
Further information: History of IBM mainframe operating systems
On early IBM mainframes (1400, 1800, 701, 704, 709, 7090, and 7094)

BESYS (for the IBM 7090)
CTSS (The Compatible Time-Sharing System, developed at MIT's Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094)
GM OS & GM-NAA I/O (for the IBM 704)
IBSYS (tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094)
IJMON (A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for IBM 1400 and IBM 1800)
SOS (SHARE Operating System, for the IBM 704 and 709)
UMES (University of Michigan Executive System, for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090)

On IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes

OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture),
Saw customer installations of the following variations:
PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system)
MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II)
MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions for system tasks, initially defined at boot time but redefinable by operator command)
MVT (Multi-Programming Variable Tasks, had up to 15 application regions defined dynamically, plus additional regions for system tasks)
OS/VS (port of OS/360 targeted for the System/370 virtual memory architecture, "OS/370" is not correct name for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2, but rather refers to OS/VS2 MVS and MVS/SP Version 1),
Customer installations in the following variations:
SVS (Single Virtual Storage, both VS1 & VS2 began as SVS systems)
OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of MFT II)
OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, Virtual-memory version of OS/MVT but without multiprocessing support)
OS/VS2 R2 (called Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminated most need for VS1)
MVS/SE (MVS System Extensions)
MVS/SP (MVS System Product)
MVS/XA (MVS/SP V2. MVS supported eXtended Architecture, 31-bit addressing)
MVS/ESA (MVS supported Enterprise System Architecture, horizontal addressing extensions: data only address spaces called Dataspaces; a Unix environment was available starting with MVS/ESA V4R3)
OS/390 (Upgrade from MVS, with an additional Unix environment)
z/OS (OS/390 supported z/Architecture, 64-bit addressing)

DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
BOS/360 (early interim version of DOS/360, briefly available at a few Alpha & Beta System/360 sites)
TOS/360 (similar to BOS above and more fleeting, able to boot and run from 2x00 series tape drives)
DOS/360 (Disk Operating System (DOS), multi-programming system with up to 3 partitions, first commonly available OS for System/360)
DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 with a control program extension that provided for the monitoring of remote job entry hardware (card reader & printer) connected by dedicated phone lines)
DOS/VS (First DOS offered on System/370 systems, provided virtual storage)
DOS/VSE (also known as VSE, upgrade of DOS/VS, up to 14 fixed size processing partitions )
VSE/SP (program product replacing DOS/VSE and VSE/AF)
VSE/ESA (DOS/VSE extended virtual memory support to 32-bit addresses (Extended System Architecture)).
z/VSE (latest version of the four decades old DOS lineage, supports 64-bit addresses, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, SNA, TCP/IP, and some virtual machine features in support of Linux workloads)

CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes

CP-40/CMS (for System/360 Model 40)
CP-67/CMS (for System/360 Model 67)
VM/370 (Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System, virtual memory operating system for System/370)
VM/XA (VM/eXtended Architecture for System/370 with extended virtual memory)
VM/ESA (Virtual Machine / Extended System Architecture, added 31-bit addressing to VM series)
z/VM (z/Architecture version of the VM OS with 64-bit addressing)

Further information: History of CP/CMS

TPF Line (Transaction Processing Facility) on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes (largely used by airlines)
ACP (Airline Control Program)
TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)
z/TPF (z/Architecture extension)

Unix-like on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
AIX/370 (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
AIX/ESA (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
OpenSolaris for IBM System z
UTS (developed by Amdahl)
z/Linux

Others on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes:
BOS/360 (Basic Operating System)
MTS (Michigan Terminal System for IBM System/360)
RTOS/360 (IBM's Real Time Operating System, ran on 5 NASA custom System/360-75s)
TOS/360 (Tape Operating System)
TSS/360 (IBM's Time Sharing System)
MUSIC/SP (developed by McGill University for IBM System/370)
ORVYL and WYLBUR (developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360)

On IBM PC and Intel x86 based architectures

PC DOS / IBM DOS
PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft)
PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000, 7.10

See also: MS-DOS and Windows

OS/2
OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
OS/2 2.x
OS/2 Warp 3
OS/2 Warp 4
eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International)
4680 OS version 1 to 4, a POS operating system based on Digital Research's Concurrent DOS 286 and FlexOS 286 1.xx
4690 OS version 1 to 6.2, a successor to 4680 OS based on Novell's FlexOS 286/FlexOS 386 2.3x

On other IBM hardware platforms

IBM Series/1
EDX (Event Driven Executive)
RPS (Realtime Programming System)
CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS)
SerIX (Unix on Series/1)

IBM 1130
DMS (Disk Monitor System)

IBM 1800
TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive)
MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive)

IBM 8100
DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive)
DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive)

IBM System/3
DMS (Disk Management System)

IBM System/34, IBM System/36
SSP (System Support Program)

IBM System/38
CPF (Control Program Facility)

IBM System/88
Stratus VOS (developed by Stratus, and used for IBM System/88, Original equipment manufacturer from Stratus)

AS/400, iSeries, System i, Power Systems i Edition
OS/400 (descendant of System/38 CPF, include System/36 SSP environment)
i5/OS (extends OS/400 with significant interoperability features)
IBM i (extends i5/OS)

UNIX on IBM POWER
AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
AOS (a BSD Unix version, not related to Data General AOS)

Others
IBM Workplace OS (Microkernel based operating system, developed and canceled in 1990s)
K42 (open-source research operating system on PowerPC or x86 based cache-coherent multiprocessor systems)
Dynix (developed by Sequent, and used for IBM NUMA-Q too)

International Computers Limited

J and MultiJob for the System 4 series mainframes
GEORGE 2/3/4 GEneral ORGanisational Environment, used by ICL 1900 series mainframes
Executive, used on the 290x range of minicomputers
TME, used on the ME29 minicomputer
ICL VME, including early variants VME/B VME/K, appearing on the ICL 2900 Series and Series 39 mainframes, implemented in S3.

LynuxWorks (originally Lynx Real-time Systems)

LynxOS

Micrium Inc.

MicroC/OS-II (Small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel)
MicroC/OS-III (Small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel, with unlimited number of tasks and priorities, and round robin scheduling)

Microsoft

Xenix (licensed version of Unix; licensed to SCO in 1987)
MSX-DOS (developed by MS Japan for the MSX 8-bit computer)
MS-DOS (developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.0–6.22)
Windows 1.0 (Windows 1 - Based on Visi-On) April 30, 1985
Windows 2.0 (Windows 2) December 9, 1987
Windows 3.0 (Windows 3 - Is the first version of Windows to make substantial commercial impact) May 22, 1990
Windows 3.1x (Windows 3.1) March 18, 1992
Windows 3.2 (Chinese-only release) November 19, 1992
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 January 21, 1993
Windows 95 (Windows 4) August 24, 1995
Windows 98 (Windows 4.1) June 25, 1998
Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me - Windows 4.9) September 14, 2000
Windows NT (Full 32-bit kernel, not dependent on MS-DOS)
Windows NT 3.1 July 27, 1993
Windows NT 3.5 September 21, 1994
Windows NT 3.51 May 30, 1995
Windows NT 4.0 July 31, 1996
Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0), February 17, 2000
Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1) October 25, 2001
Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2) April 24, 2003
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (based on Windows XP) July 8, 2006
Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0) January 31, 2007
Windows Azure (based on Windows Vista) 2009
Windows Home Server (based on Windows Server 2003) February 28, 2008
Windows Server 2008 (based on Windows Vista) February 28, 2008
Windows 7 (Windows NT 6.1) October 22, 2009
Windows 7 Extreme Ultimate (Windows NT 6.3) (developed by Nilanjan Chakraborty, A school student) March 22,2010
Windows Server 2008 R2 (based on Windows 7) October 22, 2009
Windows Home Server 2011 (based on Windows Server 2008 R2) April 6, 2011
Windows 8 Consumer Preview (First downloadable release) March 1, 2012
Windows 8 Server Beta (First downloadable release) March 15, 2012
Windows CE (OS for handhelds, embedded devices, and real-time applications that is similar to other versions of Windows) May 30, 2002
Windows CE 3.0 December 25, 2002
Windows CE 5.0 February 27, 2004
Windows CE 6.0 May 5, 2004
Windows Mobile (based on Windows CE, but for a smaller form factor) April 14, 2005
Windows Phone October 21, 2010
Singularity - A research operating system written mostly in managed code (C#) November 30, 2009
Midori - A managed code operating system July 21, 2010
Xbox and Xbox 360 OS custom operating systems May 12, 2005 and August 10, 2006

Minuet OS

Minute OS
Kolibri OS

both these operating systems were designed to fit on a single 3.5" floppy disc.
MontaVista Software

MontaVista Linux
MontaVista Mobilinux

NCR Corporation

TMX - Transaction Management eXecutive

Novell

NetWare network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services.
Open Enterprise Server, the successor to NetWare.

Quadros Systems

RTXC Quadros RTOS proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems

RCA

TSOS, first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface

RoweBots

Unison RTOS Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
DSPnano RTOS Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
Unison/Reliant V3 pSOS derivative RTOS

SCO / The SCO Group[1]

Xenix, Unix System III based distribution for the Intel 8086/8088 architecture
Xenix 286, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80286 architecture
Xenix 386, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80386 architecture
SCO Unix, SCO UNIX System V/386 was the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark (1989). Derived from AT&T System V Release 3.2 with an infusion of Xenix device drivers and utilities plus most of the SVR4 features
SCO Open Desktop, the first 32-bit graphical user interface for UNIX Systems running on Intel processor-based computers. Based on SCO Unix
SCO OpenServer 5, AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 based
SCO OpenServer 6, SVR5 (UnixWare 7) based kernel with SCO OpenServer 5 application and binary compatibility, system administration, and user environments
UnixWare
UnixWare 2.x, based on AT&T System V Release 4.2MP
UnixWare 7, UnixWare 2 kernel plus parts of 3.2v5 (UnixWare 2 + OpenServer 5 = UnixWare 7). Referred to by SCO as SVR5

Scientific Data Systems (SDS)

Berkeley Timesharing System for the SDS 940

SYSGO

PikeOS is a certified real time operating system for safety and security critical embedded systems

TRON Project

TRON (open real-time operating system kernel)
T-Kernel

Unisys

Unisys OS 2200 operating system

UNIVAC (later Unisys)

EXEC I
EXEC II
EXEC 8 Ran on 1100 series.
VS/9, successor to RCA TSOS

Wang Laboratories

WPS Wang Word Processing System. Micro-code based system.
OIS Wang Office Information System. Successor to the WPS. Combined the WPS and VP/MVP systems.

Wind River Systems

VxWorks Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTO

Other
Lisp-based

Symbolics Genera written in a systems dialect of the Lisp programming language called ZetaLisp and Symbolics Common Lisp. Genera was ported to a virtual machine for the DEC Alpha line of computers.
Texas Instruments' Explorer Lisp machine workstations also had systems code written in Lisp Machine Lisp.
The Xerox 1100 series of Lisp machines ran an operating system written in Interlisp that was also ported to virtual machine called "Medley."
Lisp Machines, Inc. also known as LMI, also ran an operating system based on MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp.

Non-standard language-based

The Mesa programming language was used to implement the Pilot operating system, used in Xerox Star workstations.
PERQ Operating System (POS) was written in PERQ Pascal.

Other proprietary non-Unix-like

Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 used for application, job control, system programming [1], implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76).
EOS; developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers
EMBOS; developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers
GCOS is a proprietary Operating System originally developed by General Electric
PC-MOS/386; DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking
SINTRAN III; an operating system used with Norsk Data computers.
THEOS
TRS-DOS; A floppy-disk-oriented OS supplied by Tandy/Radio Shack for their Z80-based line of personal computers.
NewDos/80; A third-party OS for Tandy's TRS-80 personal computers.
TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS; proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers
MAI Basic Four; An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems.
Michigan Terminal System; Developed by a group of American universities for IBM 360 series mainframes
MUSIC/SP; an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM
SkyOS; commercial desktop OS for PCs
TSX-32; a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform.
OS ES; an operating system for ES EVM
Prolog-Dispatcher; used to control Soviet Buran space ship.

Other proprietary Unix-like and POSIX-compliant

Aegis (Apollo Computer)
Amiga Unix (Amiga ports of Unix System V release 3.2 with Amiga A2500UX and SVR4 with Amiga A3000UX. Started in 1989, last version was in 1992)
CLIX (Intergraph's System V implementation)
Coherent (Unix-like OS from Mark Williams Co. for PC class computers)
DC/OSx (DataCenter/OSx was an operating system for MIPS based systems developed by Pyramid Technology)
DG/UX (Data General Corp)
DNIX from DIAB
DSPnano RTOS (POSIX nanokernel, DSP Optimized, Open Source)
Interactive Unix (a port of the UNIX System V operating system for Intel x86 by Interactive Systems Corporation)
IRIX from SGI
MeikOS
NeXTSTEP (developed by NeXT; a Unix-based OS based on the Mach microkernel)
OS-9 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 6809 based microcomputers)
OS9/68K Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 680x0 based microcomputers; based on OS-9)
OS-9000 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Intel x86 based microcomputers; based on OS-9, written in C)
OSF/1 (developed into a commercial offering by Digital Equipment Corporation)
OpenStep
QNX (POSIX, microkernel OS; usually a real time embedded OS)
Rhapsody (an early form of Mac OS X)
RISC iX - Derived from BSD 4.3, by Acorn computers, for their ARM family of machines.
RISC/os (a port by MIPS of 4.3BSD to the RISC MIPS architecture)
RMX
SCO UNIX (from SCO, bought by Caldera who renamed themselves SCO Group)
SINIX (a port by SNI of Unix to the RISC MIPS architecture)
Solaris (Sun's System V-based replacement for SunOS)
SunOS (BSD-based Unix system used on early Sun hardware)
SUPER-UX (a port of System V Release 4.2MP with features adopted from BSD and Linux for NEC SX architecture supercomputers)
System V (a release of AT&T Unix, 'SVR4' was the 4th minor release)
System V/AT, 386 (The first version of AT&T System V UNIX on the IBM 286 and 386 PCs, ported and sold by Microport)
Trusted Solaris (Solaris with kernel and other enhancements to support multilevel security)
UniFLEX (Unix-like OS from TSC for DMA-capable, extended addresses, Motorola 6809 based computers; e.g. SWTPC, GIMIX, …)
Unicos (the version of Unix designed for Cray Supercomputers, mainly geared to vector calculations)
Unison RTOS (Multicore RTOS with DSP Optimization)

Non-proprietary
Unix-like
Research Unix-like and other POSIX-compliant

Minix (study OS developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in the Netherlands)
Plan 9 (distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on original Unix design principles yet functionally different and going much further)
Inferno (distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs)
Plan B (distributed OS derived from Plan 9 and Off++ microkernel)
Unix (OS developed at Bell Labs ca 1970 initially by Ken Thompson)
Xinu (Study OS developed by Douglas E. Comer in the USA)

Free and open source Unix-like
Ubuntu, an example of a Unix-like system

BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution, a variant of Unix for DEC VAX hardware)
FreeBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents' abandonment of CSRG's 'BSD Unix')
DragonFlyBSD forked from FreeBSD 4.8
Darwin
NetBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents' abandonment of CSRG's 'BSD Unix')
OpenBSD forked from NetBSD
GNU
GNU/Linux (GNU Free/Open Source Operating System Software combined with the Linux kernel)

See also: List of Linux distributions

OpenSolaris, contains original Unix (SVR4) code. Now discontinued by Oracle in favor of Solaris 11 Express
OpenIndiana, aims to continue development and distribution of OpenSolaris operating system. Operates under the Illumos Foundation. Uses the Illumos kernel, which is a derivative of OS/Net, which is basically a Solaris/OpenSolaris kernel with the bulk of the drivers, core libraries, and basic utilities.
Nexenta OS, based on the OpenSolaris kernel with Ubuntu packages
Jaris OS, based on OpenSolaris with support for Japanese
RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems)
Syllable Desktop
VSTa
FMI/OS, successor of VSTa

Other Unix-like

TUNIS (University of Toronto)

Non-Unix-like
Research non-Unix-like

Amoeba (research OS by Andrew S. Tanenbaum)
Croquet
HelenOS research and experimental operating system
House Haskell User's Operating System and Environment, research OS written in Haskell and C.
ILIOS Research OS designed for routing
EROS microkernel, capability-based
CapROS microkernel EROS successor.
Coyotos microkernel EROS successor, goal: be first formally verified OS.
L4 Second generation microkernel
Mach (from OS kernel research at Carnegie Mellon University; see NeXTSTEP)
Nemesis Cambridge University research OS - detailed quality of service abilities.
Spring (research OS from Sun Microsystems)
V from Stanford, early 1980s[2]

Free and open source non-Unix-like

FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
FreeVMS (open source VMS variant)
Haiku (open source inspired by BeOS, under development)
MonaOS (written in C++)
ReactOS (Windows NT-compatible OS; currently in early, but active development phase)
OZONE (object-oriented)
Cosmos (written in C#)

Disk Operating Systems
Main article: DOS

86-DOS (developed at Seattle Computer Products by Tim Paterson for the new Intel 808x CPUs; licensed to Microsoft, became PC DOS/MS-DOS. Also known by its working title QDOS.)
PC DOS (IBM's DOS variant, developed jointly with Microsoft, versions 1.0–7.0, 2000, 7.10)
MS-DOS (Microsoft's DOS variant for OEM, developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.x–6.22 Microsoft's now abandoned DOS variant)
Concurrent CP/M-86 3.1 (BDOS 3.1) with PC-MODE (Digital Research's successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86)
Concurrent DOS 3.1-4.1 (BDOS 3.1-4.1)
Concurrent PC DOS 3.2 (BDOS 3.2) (Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs)
DOS Plus 1.2 (BDOS 4.1), 2.1 (BDOS 5.0) (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1-5.0)
Concurrent DOS 8-16 (dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs)
Concurrent DOS 286 1.x
FlexOS 1.00-2.34 (derivative of Concurrent DOS 286)
FlexOS 186 (variant of FlexOS for terminals)
FlexOS 286 (variant of FlexOS for hosts)
Siemens S5-DOS/MT (industrial control system based on FlexOS)
IBM 4680 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
FlexOS 386 (later variant of FlexOS for hosts)
IBM 4690 OS (POS operating system based on FlexOS)
Concurrent DOS 386 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0 (BDOS 5.0-6.2)
Concurrent DOS 386/MGE (Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities)
Multiuser DOS 5.0, 5.01, 5.1 (BDOS 6.3-6.6) (successor of Concurrent DOS 386)
CCI Multiuser DOS 5.0-7.22 (up to BDOS 6.6)
Datapac Multiuser DOS
Datapac System Manager 7 (derivative of Datapac Multiuser DOS)
IMS Multiuser DOS 5.1, 7.0, 7.1 (BDOS 6.6-6.7)
IMS REAL/32 7.50, 7.51, 7.52, 7.53, 7.54, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.90, 7.91, 7.92, 7.93, 7.94, 7.95 (BDOS 6.8 and higher) (derivative of Multiuser DOS)
IMS REAL/NG (successor of REAL/32)
Concurrent DOS XM 5.0, 5.2, 6.0, 6.2 (BDOS 5.0-6.2) (real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support)
DR DOS 3.31, 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 5.0, 6.0 (BDOS 6.0-7.1) single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0)
Novell PalmDOS 1.0 (BDOS 7.0)
Novell DR DOS "StarTrek"
Novell DOS 7 (single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS, BDOS 7.2)
Novell DOS 7 updates 1-10 (BDOS 7.2)
Caldera OpenDOS 7.01 (BDOS 7.2)
Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.0x (BDOS 7.2)
Novell DOS 7 updates 11-15.2 (BDOS 7.2)
Caldera DR-DOS 7.02-7.03 (BDOS 7.3)
DR-DOS "WinBolt"
OEM DR-DOS 7.04-7.05 (BDOS 7.3)
OEM DR-DOS 7.06
OEM DR-DOS 7.07 (BDOS 7.4/7.7)
FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
ProDOS (operating system for the Apple II series computers)
PTS-DOS (DOS variant by Russian company Phystechsoft)
RDOS by Leif Ekblad (not to be confused with Data General Corporation's "Real-time Disk Operating System" for Data General Nova and Data General Eclipse minicomputers).
TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.) for Z80 and Intel 8086 processor-based systems
Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for DOS
DESQview+ QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface for DOS
DESQView/X (X-windowing GUI for DOS)

Network Operating Systems
Main article: Network operating system

Cambridge Ring
CSIRONET by (CSIRO)
CTOS (Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys)
Data ONTAP by NetApp
SAN-OS by Cisco (now NX-OS)
Enterprise OS by McDATA
ExtremeWare by Extreme Networks
ExtremeXOS by Extreme Networks
Fabric OS by Brocade
NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
NOS (developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers)
Novell Open Enterprise Server (Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel).
Plan 9 (distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical)
Inferno (distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs)
Plan B (distributed OS derived from Plan 9 and Off++ microkernel)
TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
JunOS by Juniper
Cisco IOS by Cisco Systems

Web operating systems
Main article: Web operating system

Chrome OS
G.ho.st
eyeOS
DesktopTwo
YouOS
Browser OS
Glide OS
iCloud
Joli OS

Generic/commodity and other

BLIS/COBOL
Bluebottle also known as AOS (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system)
BS1000 by Siemens AG
BS2000 by Siemens AG, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu-Siemens Computers (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme)
BS3000 by Siemens AG (functionally similar to OS-IV and MSP from Fujitsu)
FLEX9 (by TSC for Motorola 6809 based machines; successor to FLEX, which was for Motorola 6800 CPUs)
GEM (windowing GUI for CP/M, DOS, and Atari TOS)
GEOS (popular windowing GUI for PC, Commodore, Apple computers)
JavaOS
JNode JNode.org's OS written 99% in Java (native compiled), provides own JVM and JIT compiler. Based on GNU Classpath
JX Java operating system that focuses on a flexible and robust operating system architecture developed as an open source system by the University of Erlangen.
KERNAL (default OS on Commodore 64)
MERLIN for the Corvus Concept
MorphOS (Amiga compatible)
MSP by Fujitsu (successor to OS-IV), now MSP/EX,[3] also known as Extended System Architecture (EXA), for 31-bit mode
NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
Oberon (operating system) (developed at ETH-Zürich by Niklaus Wirth et al.) for the Ceres and Chameleon workstation projects.
OSD/XC by Fujitsu-Siemens (BS2000 ported to an emulation on a Sun SPARC platform)
OS-IV by Fujitsu (based on early versions of IBM's MVS)
Pick (often licensed and renamed)
PRIMOS by Prime Computer (sometimes spelled PR1MOS and PR1ME)
Sinclair QDOS (multitasking for the Sinclair QL computer)
SSB-DOS (by TSC for Smoke Signal Broadcasting; a variant of FLEX in most respects)
SymbOS (GUI based multitasking operating system for Z80 computers)
Symobi (GUI based modern micro-kernel OS for x86, ARM and PowerPC processors, developed by Miray Software; used and developed further at Technical University of Munich)
TripOS, 1978
TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
UCSD p-System (portable complete programming environment/operating system/virtual machine developed by a long running student project at UCSD; directed by Prof Kenneth Bowles; written in Pascal)
VOS by Stratus Technologies with strong influence from Multics
VOS by Hitachi for its IBM-compatible mainframes, based on IBM's MVS
VM2000 by Siemens AG
VisiOn (first GUI for early PC machines; not commercially successful)
VPS/VM (IBM based, main operating system at Boston University for over 10 years.)
Miraculix Russian OS, under unknown license.

For Elektronika BK

ANDOS
CSI-DOS
KMON
MK-DOS
NORD
BKUNIX

Hobby

AROS (AROS Research Operating System, formerly known as Amiga Research Operating System)
AtheOS (branched to become Syllable Desktop)
Syllable Desktop (a modern, independently originated OS; see AtheOS)
Dreckig OS (uses experimental "megalithic kernel" architecture and has a GUI)[4]
DSPnano RTOS
EROS (Extremely Reliable Operating System)
HelenOS, based on a preemptible microkernel design
KolibriOS (a fork of MenuetOS)
LSE/OS
MenuetOS (extremely compact OS with GUI, written entirely in FASM assembly language)
Unison RTOS

Embedded
Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

Symbian OS
iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
Embedded Linux
Maemo based on Debian deployed on Nokia's Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets.
MeeGo merger of Moblin and Maemo
webOS from Palm, Inc.
OpenZaurus
Ångström distribution
Familiar Linux
Android
Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)
PenPoint OS
PEN/GEOS on HP OmniGo 100 and 120
PVOS
Palm OS from Palm, Inc; now spun off as PalmSource
Windows CE, from Microsoft
Pocket PC from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.
Windows Mobile from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.
DIP DOS on Atari Portfolio
MS-DOS on Poqet PC, HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX
Newton OS on Apple Newton Messagepad
Magic Cap
NetBSD
Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Digital media players

DSPnano RTOS
ipodlinux
RockBox
iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
iriver clix OS

Smartphones and Mobile phones
Main article: Mobile operating system

BlackBerry OS
Embedded Linux
Access Linux Platform
Android
bada
Openmoko Linux
OPhone
MeeGo (from merger of Maemo & Moblin)
Mobilinux
MotoMagx
Qt Extended
LiMo Platform
webOS
PEN/GEOS, GEOS-SC, GEOS-SE
iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
Palm OS
Symbian platform (successor to Symbian OS)
Windows Mobile (superseded by Windows Phone)

Routers

AlliedWare by Allied Telesis (aka Allied Telesyn)
AirOS by Ubiquiti Networks
CatOS by Cisco Systems
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating System) by Cisco Systems
DD-WRT by NewMedia-NET
Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)
IOS-XR by Cisco Systems
IronWare by Foundry Networks
JunOS by Juniper Networks
RouterOS by Mikrotik
ScreenOS by Juniper Networks, originally from Netscreen
Timos by Alcatel-Lucent
Unison Operating System by RoweBots
FTOS by Force10 Networks
RTOS by Force10 Networks

Other embedded

Contiki
eCos
FreeBSD
uClinux
MINIX
NCOS
freeRTOS, openRTOS and safeRTOS
polyBSD (embedded NetBSD)
REX OS (microkernel OS; usually an embedded cell phone OS)
ROM-DOS
TinyOS
µTasker
ThreadX
DSPnano RTOS
Windows Embedded
Windows CE
Windows Embedded Standard
Windows Embedded Enterprise
Windows Embedded POSReady
Wombat OS (microkernel OS; usually a real time embedded OS)

Capability-based
LEGO Mindstorms

brickOS
leJOS

Other capability-based

Cambridge CAP computer operating system demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software, also a useful fileserver. Implemented in ALGOL 68C.
Flex machine - The hardware was custom and microprogrammable, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, * garbage collector and filing system all written in ALGOL 68.
HYDRA - Running on the C.mmp computer at Carnegie Mellon University, implemented in the programming language BLISS.[5]
KeyKOS nanokernel
EROS microkernel
CapROS EROS successor
Coyotos EROS successor, goal: be first formally verified OS
V from Stanford, early 1980s[2]

How to install Windows 8

How to install Windows 8

First of all Go to Microsoft's Web site and download Windows 8 ISO image of 2.5 GB

Screenshot of Windows 8 installation [ In this step choose the language, time and currency format, and choose Keyboard or Input method.]

Click on NEXT...

Click on Install now...

Then Next you have Windows 8 will give you two options to choose 

1. Upgrade

2. Custom (advanced)

In this step Click on Custom

In this step Windows will ask you to target destination [Where do you want install Win 8]

In this step windows starts installation on the drive, it takes few minutes install.

Time to personalize the start screen and choose a color and give name to your PC

Click on Express settings or Customize 

This is the new feature on Windows 8 it asks to sign in with Microsoft Live ID, if you have a MS live account then sign otherwise click on SKIP.

Finalizing your Settings ...

DONE...

How To Create your own Windows 8 Start Screen like Cover Photo For Facebook

How To Create your own Windows 8 Start Screen like Cover Photo For Facebook

Hello Everyone Today our Facebook Fan Page reached 30k+ likes, Thank you all for your supporting us. Today I'm gonna show you a tutorial about Microsoft Windows 8 app timeline cover creator for your Facebook profile Cover. This application is created by Microsoft Windows Team , And It is trusted application.

Windows 8 UI [User Interface] start up screen to your Facebook Timeline cover photo

How to Create your own Windows 8 start up cover?

1. Log in to your Facebook account and click on this link MicroSoftCoverPhoto. It will open timeline creator application [Click on Make mine, In next page Click on Go To App].

2. Now to time to customize your time line cover, In this field you can change time line cover background [you can change background to 8 different colors] and also you can change tile picture.

3.After the Customization Click on Save my cover, And Click Go to my timeline[ In this page, Application gives instruction about how to upload Windows 8 Cover for Facebook].

I overburn a CD with Nero?

I overburn a CD with Nero?

 Start Nero

From the action-bar select File and select Preferences.



In the Preferences window, select Expert Features(1) and check the Enable overburn disc-at-once(2).



Choose a Maximum CD Length(3) and click OK(4) (*82:59:59 is the maximum value I suggest, but as you can see from the screen capture above I have set mine significantly higher. The reason is because I frequently use 99min 850 MB CD media).

For a more accurate test you can use a nero tool called nero speed test to see how much a specific CD is capable of being overburned . get it here


From the action-bar select File and select Write CD.

A window will appear when you have exceeded expected length, click OK to start the overburn copy.

Remember to set disk to burn Disc at Once, you cannot overburn in Track at Once Mode.

How Do i See Hidden Files, Using DOS.or cmd

Simple and useful tip
******************

at command prompt just type
dir /ah
if the list is too long u can use
dir /ah/p/w
*******************

Test My VirusScan Installation

 Test My Virus-Scan Installation?

Description

After installing VirusScan, you may logically wonder, how do I know if it's working? The answer is a test virus. The EICAR Standard AntiVirus Test File is a combined effort by anti-virus vendors throughout the world to implement one standard by which customers can verify their anti-virus installations.

Solution

To test your installation, copy the following line into its own file, then save the file with the name EICAR.COM. More detailed instructions are found below.

X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*

The file size will be 68 or 70 bytes.

If VirusScan is running and configured correctly, when you try to save the file, VirusScan will detect the virus. If VirusScan is not running, start it and scan the directory that contains EICAR.COM. When your software scans this file, it will report finding the EICAR test file.

Note that this file is NOT A VIRUS. Delete the file when you have finished testing your installation to avoid alarming unsuspecting
users.

The eicar test virus is available for download from the following website:
http://www.eicar.org/download/eicar.com

Creating Eicar.com

   1. Click on Start.
   2. Select Run.
   3. In the Open box type: notepad
   4. Maximize the window.
   5. Highlight the following on the following line of text:
      X5O!P%@AP[4\PZX54(P^)7CC)7}$EICAR-STANDARD-ANTIVIRUS-TEST-FILE!$H+H*
   6. Right click on the highlighted text and choose 'copy'.
   7. Switch back to Notepad.
   8. Right click anywhere inside of Notepad and select 'paste'.
   9. Click the File menu and select 'save as'.
  10. Change the 'Save as Type' to 'all files'.
  11. Name the file eicar.com.

How do I remove an extra operating systems

 If you have more then one operating system installed or wish
to remove an operating system from the boot menu, you can use the following information.

1.Click on Start, Control Panel, System, Advanced.
2.Under Startup and Recovery, click Settings.
3.Under Default Operating System, choose one of the following:

"Microsoft Windows XP Professional /fastdetect"

-or-

"Microsoft Windows XP Home /fasdetect"

-or-

"Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional /fastdetect"

4.Take the checkmark out of the box for "Time to display a list of Operating Systems".
5.Click Apply and Ok, and reboot the system.

*If you wish to edit the boot.ini file manually, click on the button "EDIT"

How to Lock Folder without Software

Method 1

To hide a a folder name
"d:\game"
GO TO CMD PROMPT :
type in "d:\attrib game +s +h "
2 unlck the hide :
type in "d:\attrib game -s -h "

Method 2

TRY to lock ur private folder

Suppose you want to lock the folder games in d: which has the path D:Games.In the same drive create a text file and type
ren games games.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}
Now save this text file as loc.bat

Create another text file and type in it
ren games.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D} games
Now save this text file as key.bat

Now you can see 2 batch files loc and key.Press loc and the folder games will change to control panel and you cannot view its contents.Press key and you will get back your original folder. try it out!!!!!!!


Important note:How to rename your text files as bat files?
Just go to my computer->tools->folder options->go to the view tab.
Now uncheck the 'Hide extensions for known file types'.Press apply.
Now rename ur text files as bat files.


Any Help So Command Me.....

How To Change Your Folders Background

How to Change your Folders BackgrounD
 

Step 1: Have the Folder you want to put the background on open!
 
Step 2: Open up Notepad, then simply paste in this code:
[{BE098140-A513-11D0-A3A4-00C04FD706EC}]
iconarea_image=***Picture Location Here!***\***Name of File!***

Step 3: Go to ur picture (the picture you want to use!) and right click and select
properties and find the file location for example lets say my file is in "my hardrive" it
would be located at "C:\\" understand? copy the location!

Step 4: Now go back to ur text document (notepad) and where it says ***Picture
Location Here!*** paste the location...u copied in the previus step!
 
Step 5: Now after u've done that where it says ***Name of File!*** type the name
of the file including the .jpg .bmp .bip. jpeg etc
 
Step 6: Save the text document as "desktop.ini" be sure to remember the .ini
extension! click Save as "All Files" not "Text Document" and save the document in the
 
folder where u want the background to be!
 
Now just close the folder and open it again it should show the picture as a background!